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ACCEASY

Database of Entries

TítuloDescripciónPictogramaImagen
1050 – 800 Before the birth of ChristDuring this period of time,
Amathus becomes a proper town
and exchanges products and food
with other nations.
Example of use:
The trade and exchange of products begins in the year 1050 before the birth of Christ.
11th century before the birth of ChristFirst time people lived in Amathus.
They were Eteocypriots who left from Paphos when the Greeks drove them out.
They brought their language with them and their religion.
Example of use:
Amathus was first inhabited in the 11th century before the birth of Christ.
1st Century before the birth of Christ During this period of time, a new temple
is built in the area of the sanctuary.
Example of use:
A new temple was built in Amathus in the 1st century before the birth of Christ.
22 After the birth of ChristThe temple of Aphrodite in Amathus
has permission to protect the people.
It is one of the three
most important temples in Cyprus.
Example of use:
Amathus was a Roman province 22 years after the birth of Christ.
312 Before the birth of ChristDuring this period of time
Amathus is not a kingdom
anymore and belongs to the
Ptolemaic Empire.
A new port was also built.
Example of use:
Amathus became part of the Ptolemaic Empire 323 years before the birth of Christ.
323 Before the birth of ChristΙn this year, Alexander the Great died.
Amathus supported Ptolemy as
a new leader.
Example of use:
Alexander the Great died 323 years before the birth of Christ.
332 Before the birth of ChristDuring this period of time
The last king of Amathus
Androcles supported Alexander the Great
in the war against the Persians.
Example: King Onesilos attacked Amathus 332 years before the birth of Christ
3rd - 2nd Century before the birth of ChristDuring this period of time, people
worship the Egyptian Gods Isis and
Sarapis and goddess Aphrodite.
Example of use:
The goddess Aphrodite was associated with other deities in the 2nd century before the birth of Christ.
499 Before the birth of ChristDuring this period of time
King Onesilos of Salamis
attacked Amathus.
The sanctuary and the palace were rebuilt.
Example of use:
King Onesilos attacked Amathus 499 years before the birth of Christ.
545-332 Before the birht of ChristDuring this period of time Amathus
is in the hands of the Persians,
an old nation from the area that
is now the country of Iran.
When the other kingdoms of
Cyprus fought against the
Persians, Amathus remained loyal
to the Persians.
Example of use:
The Persians came to Amathus between 545 and 332 years before the birth of Christ.
570-545 Before the birth of ChristDuring this period of time
the Egyptians, a nation located
across from Cyprus,
came to Amathus to settle.
Example of use:
The Egyptians came to Amathus in the period 570 to 545 years before the birth of Christ.
58 Before the birth of ChristDuring this period of time, Amathus
becomes a Roman province.
Example of use:
Amathus became part of the Roman Empire 58 years before the birth of Christ.
5th Century after the bieth of ChristDuring this period, the temple of Aphrodite
was rebuilt and used as a church.
Example of use:
The temple of Aphrodite became a church in the 5th century after the birth of Christ.
649-691 After the birth of ChristDuring this period of time, the city
of Amathus was destroyed by
the Arabs and all the people left.
Example of use:
Amathus was destroyed
691 years after the birth of Christ.
70-100 After the birth of Christ During this period, a new great
temple of Aphrodite is being built.
Example of use:
The new temple of Aphrodite was built 100 years after the birth of Christ.
707-669 Before the birth of Christ During this period of time
the Assyrians, an ancient nation
from the Mesopotamia, a region
where Iraq is found today
came to Amathus to settle.
Example of use:
The Assyrians came to Amathus in the period 707 to 669 years before the birth of Christ.
77-78 After the birth of ChristDuring this period of time,
an earthquake destroys Amathus.
Example of use:
Amathus was destroyed 78 years after the birth of Christ.
7th Century after the birth of ChristDuring this period of time, a Christian
church that resembles a Roman palace
was built on the acropolis.
Example of use:
The Christian church was built in the 7th century after the birth of Christ.
800 Before the birth of ChristDuring this period of time
the Phoenicians, an old nation located
in the east of Cyprus,
came to Amathus to settle.
Evidence was found in the acropolis
from a monument they had built.
Example of use:
The Phoenicians came to Amathus 800 years before the birth of Christ.
AcropolisThe highest point of a city.
Τhe Acropolis was located on a big hill
with dangerous slopes to protect the people.
Example of use:
The word acropolis means edge of the city.
Adobe brickIt is similar to a brick.
It was already used in prehistoric times.
It was made of clay and sand.
It was first dried in the sun and then cooked.
The brick was used for the exterior of the buildings.
It was also used to build arches.
Example of use:
In ancient Rome there were industries
that produced adobe bricks.
AdonaeaDifferent name for
The goddess Aphrodite.
This name means that
Aphrodite was related to
the world of the dead.
Example of use:
Aphrodite was also called Adonaea.
Adonian GamesThe Adonian was a celebration
in honor of Adonis.
They took place every year and
those who participated hunted wild boars,
sang and danced.
They are considered to be the ancient Greek
Easter as they took place in order to remember
the death and resurrection of Adonis.
Example of use:
The Adonian was a celebration
that happened every year.
*Wild boar - Pig
AdonisAdonis was the lover of goddess Aphrodite.
Amathus had a temple in honor of Adonis.
Adonis was hurt by a wild boar while he was hunting and died in the arms of Aphrodite.
Example of use:
Aphrodite loved Adonis very much.
AegeusDifferent name for
The goddess Aphrodite.
This name means that
Aphrodite was armed.
Example of use:
Aphrodite was also called Aegeus.
AeneasHe was the son of Anchises and Venus.
He was a protagonist in the Trojan War.
After the war he made a long journey until he arrived in Latium.
Usage example:
According to the legend,
Aeneas' arrival in Latium led to the foundation of Rome
AgoraCentral square in old Greek cities
where the people of the city gathered.
It was a place to discuss about different topics about the city.
Example of use:
Citizens went to the agora to share their ideas.
AkraeaDifferent name for
The goddess Aphrodite.
This name means goddess
of peaks and capes.
Example of use:
Aphrodite was also called Akraea.
AlabasterWhite stone
that looks like marble.
It's easy to work with this stone.
It is used in sculptures and decoration.
Example of use:
The king's tomb is made of alabaster.






AlabasterTall vase with a small opening.
It has no handles. It has
small holes or small grips
for transportation.
Women used to put inside
their perfumes.
Example of use:
The alabaster had perfume oils in it.
Alpine meadowsAn assemblage of grasses and
Flowering plants that grow every year
in the Alps and other mountains.
They are found under the snows that do not go away
and in the summer pastures.
Example of use:
Alpine meadows
remind me of Heidi.
Altar1. Table where the priest
celebrates Mass in the Catholic religion.
Example of use: The groom waits for the bride by the altar.
2. Place where a religious image is placed
for the believers to see.
Example of use:
We have set the altar for the pilgrimage of San Cristobal.
AltarpieceSet of painted or carved figures
representing a story or something that happened.
It's usually at the bottom of a chapel
or behind the altar of churches.
Example of use:
In the Spanish churches there are many altarpieces.
AmathosSon of an important hero of ancient Greece
that the man Hercules had.
Legends tell
than the ancient city of Amathus
got its name from Amathos.
Example of use:
Amathos gave its name to the city of Amathus.
AmathusΑncient city located in Limassol.
It is a Unesco world heritage site.
Example of use:
Amathus is an important historical site.
Amathus PalaceBig house where the king lived.
Amathus was a kingdom
and the king was the leader of the city.
Example of use:
As a sign of honour, the king lived in a palace.
AmathusaMother of King Kinyras of Paphos.
Many people believe that Amathus got its name from Amathusa.
Example of use:
Amathusa gave her name to Amathus.
AmbulatoryNarrow corridor
surrounding the back of the main altar
of some churches or cathedrals.
Example of use:
I really liked the lighting of the ambulatory.







AmphibiansThey are vertebrate animals, that is,
their skeleton is formed
of bones.
They can live
in and out of water.
Amphibians breathe
through membranes called gills
when they are young
and with lungs.
when they are adults.
Example of use:
The toad is an amphibian.
AmphoraIt’s a vase made of clay with two handles.
It was used in ancient times to transport oil, wine, sauces and honey.
Example of use:
Many amphorae have been found in the Traiano market.
AmuletsThe Egyptian amulets
were considered objects of magic.
Whoever possessed them would receive
the power of the deity or symbol
that was on it.
People wore them around their
necks as jewelry.
Their power increased when the person
who had them would say certain phrases
or performed rituals.
The amulets protected children
from disease and women when
they gave birth.
They also protected people
from wild animals like snakes and
scorpions.
Example of use:
Amulets had magical power and protected people.
AndroklesAndrokles was the last king of Amathus.
He supported Alexander the Great
and gave him men and ships in his fight
against Persia.
Example of use:
Androkles was a king in Amathus in 323 before Christ.
Anemone CoronariaFlower with different colour petals.
Named after Adonis. Symbolizes the drops of blood from Adonis and the tears of Aphrodite when Adonis was killed by a wild boar.
Example of use: Anemone blossoms in Spring.
AnfitheaterIt is an oval-shaped building.
In the center it has a space
where games and performances were played.
Inside it has steps where the audience could sit.
Example of use:
the Colosseum is the most famous amphitheater in Rome.
AngelHe's a spiritual being,
who is in God's service.
They are God's messengers.
In some religions it is represented
Like a beautiful young man with wings.
Example of use:
The guardian angel takes care of us.
Aphrodite templeBuilding dedicated to goddess Aphrodite.
People went there to ask goddess Aphrodite for protection.
Example of use:
To honour Aphrodite, the citizens of Amathus built a temple as a place of love.
AphroditusAphroditus was a man that looked like goddess Aphrodite.
He wore the same clothes as Aphrodite.
He had male genitalia.
Aphroditus is the same god as Hermaphroditus,
who took his name from his parents,
Aphrodite and Hermes.
Example of use:
Aphroditus was born in Amathus.
Apollodorus of DamascoHe was an architect.
He was in charge of designing monuments and buildings.
He worked for the emperor Trajan.
He designed Trajan's Column and Trajan's port.
His most famous work was the Forum of Trajan.
Example of use:
Apollodorus of Damascus was also a writer and a military man.
ApostlePerson who says or extends an idea,
Christian faith.
Example of use:
Jesus had 12 apostles
ArcadesIt is similar to an open gallery.
It is located outside a building.
It was used to shelter from the rain.
It was also used to make a building more beautiful.
Example of use:
Emperor Augustus built many arcades.
Arc-boutantsIt's a half arch
that extends out of the cathedral.
Helps hold the weight of the
ceiling, walls and windows.
Example of use:
The cathedral's arc-boutants are many years old.






ArchHalf-circle shape
which is supported on two columns.
The arches are used to:
•holding parts of a building
•decorate.
Example of use:
The Burgos Cathedral has very nice arches


Archbishop's crossIt's a cross
with a small bar that crosses
above the main one.
It is used to differentiate bishops .
Example of use:
The archbishop's cross is made of gold and silver.






Archeological siteAn area where old buildings and objects from previous civilizations can be found.
Example of use:
Amathus is an important archaeological site.
ArcheologyIt is a study from the old ages until today that discovers and analyses old objects.
Archaeology helps us learn about our history and roots as humans.
Example of use:
Archaeology explains the progress of humanity.
Architechtural floor plantIt is a horizontal drawing of a building.
It represents the figure they form
walls and walls at a specific height.
Example of use:
In the cathedral there is a drawing
of its architectural plant.






Architechture1.Technique of designing and building buildings.
Example of use: Celia is studying the architecture degree in Pamplona.
2.Set of works or buildings
of a creator, a country or an era
and that it has equal characteristics.
Example of use:
The use of glass is common in modern architecture.
ArcosoliumIt is an empty space inside an arch.
Its first use was as a place where people was buried
It was for important people such a saint or martyr.
Example of use:
Alfonso de Castilla is buried in an arcosolium
in the Miraflores Carthusian.
ArgiletoIt was an ancient street in Rome.
It was big and full of book shops.
She was highly named by ancient writers.
It takes its name from the clay.
There was a lot of clay around the road.
Example of use:
It ran through the Suburra argileto,
a very populous area of Rome.
AriadnaDaughter of King Minos of Crete.
Ariadne was traveling
with his beloved Theseus from Crete to Athens,
and he left her in the city of Amathus.
Ariadne helped Theseus:
• to kill the Minotaur.
The minotaur is a fantastic creature
with human body and bull's head.
• to get out of the labyrinth.
Ariadne died when she gave birth to her son.
Example of use:
The name of King Minos' daughter is Ariadne.
ArnicaPlant with a stem of about 30 centimetres,
with leaves arranged in pairs,
and yellow flowers.
It is an aromatic plant with a strong smell.
Used in medicine.
Example of use:
Arnica is used to reduce inflammation.
ArtefactObject or part of an object that was used or created by humans.
It helps us understand human activity in the area it was discovered.
Example of use:
Many artefacts were discovered in Amathus.
AsparagusSacred plant of Afrodite with
pointy leaves.
Example of use:
Asparagus grows in Spring.
AstarteOld deity of ancient Phoenicia and Egypt.
She was the goddess of war and love.
At Amathus Aphrodite was also called Astarte due to their common characteristics.
Example of use:
Astarte was an old goddess.
Astartidae seashellsThese seashells look like
female genitalia.
This is why they were associated
with Aphrodite who is the Goddess
of birth and love.
Two species of this seashell live
in the sea of Cyprus.
Example of use:
On the beach there are many shells in the sand.
AudaciousThe day of the Quintana
Every knight has a nickname.
Example of use:
The knight of Rione Spada is nicknamed
the Audacius.
AvalancheLarge amount or volume of snow,
ice and rocks falling very rapidly
falling very fast
down the side of a mountain.
Avalanches occur
when accumulated snow is loosened
by rain, animal movement or other causes.
or other causes.
Example of use:
The avalanche caused extensive damage
at the station.
BacileIt was a deep, open container.
It could have had handles.
It was used during meals to wash hands.
It was also used to contain meat and fish.
Example of use:
When it was highly decorated bacile was considered a luxury object.
BalustradeWall made of stone, wood or metal
which is short in height
and has the function of a railing.
Example of use:
On the first floor,
there is a large terrace with balustrade.
BaroqueThe Baroque is an artistic style
Used in architecture, music, dance, painting and sculpture
that developed in Europe in 1700.
Baroque sculptures are of huge dimensions.
Example of use:
In Rome there are many baroque sculptures
Baroque NightIt's an evening that takes place during the Quintana.
There are concerts and plays around the city.
Example of use:
On the Baroque night the city's museums are open.
Barrel vaultIt is used in the construction of buildings.
It is like a ceiling.
It has the shape of a semi circle.
It usually covers rectangular spaces.
Example of use:
The ancient Romans used barrel vaults
in the construction of basilicas.
Barroque costumeIt’s a very elegant and precious costume.
The noble ladies wear very large skirts.
The nobles wear cloaks with precious stones.
Example of use:
During the Historical Parade, they wear baroque costumes.
BasamentIt is the base on which buildings or monuments rest.
It is also the part where a statue, a column or a small object rests.
Example of use:
In Roman temples basaments were used to raise important objects
for everyone to see.
BaseThe base is the lower part of the column.
The entire weight of the column rests on the base.
The base can rest on the ground or on another structure.
In the very ancient columns the base was not there.
Example of use:
The base of the Column of Antoninus Pius is very famous.
Basilica UlpiaIt was the largest basilica in Rome.
It was located in the Forum of Trajan.
Inside the Basilica slaves could be set free.
Example of use:
All that remains of the Basilica Ulpia today are the columns.
Basolata streetIt is a road built with basoli.
The basolo is a very large stone slab.
The basolo is very resistant.
It was useful for trade routes where many wagons passed.
Example of use:
A basolata street in Rome is the ancient Appian Way.
BathsIn the old times the baths were used for cleaning and therapy.
The baths of Amathus are the oldest construction in the city.
Example of use:
People cleaned their wounds in the baths of the city.
BaultCurved roof
covering a space
and is supported by several walls or pillars.
It's shaped like a bell.
Example of use:
Burgos Cathedral has many vaults.
BeechTree growing up to 30 m high,
with a fat, smooth trunk,
grey bark and very high branches,
which form a round, thick canopy.
The wood is reddish and white in colour,
light, resistant and whose fruit is the beechnut.
Example of use:
The beech trees in the forest
are very tall.
Bell towerTower where the bells are placed.
Example of use:
In the bell tower of the church there is a clock.
BirchTree about 10 metres high,
with small, pointed leaves
with teeth.
Very abundant in the mountains of Europe.
Example of use:
In my village they have planted
one hundred birch trees
BishopA priest of the Christian religion
who governs a diocese.
Example of use:
Bishops celebrate Masses in cathedrals.
BishopricsTerritory or place where a bishop
performs its religious functions.
It is also known as a diocese.
Example of use:
Spain is divided into 70 bishoprics.
Block of flats in the Roman timesIt was similar to a palace.
It had an indoor and outdoor space.
On the ground floor there were the shops.
On the first floor there were the richest apartments.
On the upper floors there were the poorest houses.
There were no bathrooms in the houses.
The population used the thermal baths and public baths.
Example of use:
In ancient Rome the block of flats could be 10 floors high.
BoatTransport vehicle that travels in the sea
and carries humans and goods.
Example of use:
The kids went for a ride in the sea on a boat.
BoldThe day of the Quintana
Every knight has a nickname.
Example of use:
The knight of Rione Giotti is nicknamed
the Bold.
Book of the saintsBook that talks about the lives of the saints.
Example of use:
In this book of saints you can read
The life of St. Francis.









BraveThe day of the Quintana
Every knight has a nickname.
Example of use:
The knight of Rione Badia is nicknamed
the Brave.
BrazierIt was a bronze vessel.
It was similar to a small stove.
It contained embers of boiling wood.
It was used to heat the rooms.
It could be moved where it was needed.
Example of use:
At first braziers were made of clay and used only for cooking,
later they were built of metal and used for heating.
BridgeConstruction of stone or other material,
To connect 2 parts,
for example, of a river.
It is used for people or cars to
to pass from one side to the other.
Example of use:
We have to cross the bridge
to get to the church
which is on the other side of the river.
BrocadeLuxury fabric.
Brocade is made with gold and silver threads.
It was used to make
the costumes of kings and nobles.
Example of use:
The costumes of ladies and nobles
are made in brocade.
BullBig animal with characteristic horns.
It was a symbol of child birth and in some festivities men wore bull masks.
Example of use:
In Amathus the bull symbolized fertility.
BustRepresents the neck and head of a man or woman.
It is made of marble, terracotta or bronze.
Sometimes the shoulders and chest can also be represented.
The arms and hands are never there.
For the Romans the head was an important part
because it contained the qualities of a person.
Example of use:
In ancient times a bust was used to celebrate well-known characters.
ButtressStructure
like a column or an arc,
which is placed on the outside
of a building wall.
It serves to make the wall stronger.
Example of use:
Burgos Cathedral has many buttresses
on its exterior.




Cable carA means of transport that moves through the air.
It consists of cabins suspended by ropes.
It is used to transport a group of people
a group of people from a particular place
at different heights,
such as a mountain.
Example of use:
Celia rode the cable car
to go to the ski slopes.
CampidoglioIt is one of the seven hills of Rome.
It is also called the Capidoglio Hill.
At the Campidoglio is the seat of the Municipality of Rome.
Example of use:
The entire archaeological area of the Imperial Forums
extends from the Campidoglio to the Quirinale Hill.
Campo de li Giochi trackCampo de li Giochi Track
The Joust of the Quintana of Foligno
takes place in a track called Campo de li Giochi.
Riding their horses,
the knights have to ride through a 8-shaped track.
At the center of the track there is the Statue of God Mars.
The Statue holds some rings.
The riders have to put their lance
in the rings that hang from the statue.
Example of use:
The “Campo de li Giochi” is the track
where the horse race takes place
CapitalIt is above the column.
It also serves to make the column more beautiful.
It has several forms.
Depending on the shape it has different names.
Example of use:
In ancient Rome the Corinthian capital was widely used,
with decorations similar to leaves.
CarveFigure made by cutting and shaping
wood, stone and other materials.
Example of use:
In the art museum you can see carved items.
CastleHouse or large building
built in an elevated place.
The castle is usually surrounded by walls
and moats to defend it.
Example of use:
My family travelled to the city of Ponferrada
to see its beautiful castle.
Castle ruinsRemains of a castle
that has been destroyed by war
or because it has been abandoned
Example of use:
The ruins of the castle of Poza
are on top of a rock.







Cat fossileCat bones were discovered near
Amathus which were preserved in the soil.
The bones were there 10,300 years
before the birth of Christ.
It is the first evidence in the world
that cats lived alongside
humans since the old times.
The discovery of a cat in a
inside a grave helps us understand
how people lived in Amathus
and what kind of relationship
they had with the cats.
Example: Cat fossils show us the role of animals in human life.
CathedralIt's a big church,
the most important in the area.
Inside the cathedral is the bishop's house.
Example of use:
Burgos Cathedral is almost 800 years old.
CaveA natural space inside the earth
where human can get in.
The people of Amathus used the cave
for religious activities.
Example of use:
The people of Amathus thanked goddess Aphrodite inside the cave
CaveaThis is the set of steps of an amphitheater.
Spectators took their seats in the cavea.
Seating was divided by social class.
The richest people never sat next to the poor.
Example of use:
In ancient Rome initially the cavea was the hidden part of the amphitheater
where the animal cages were located.
CemeteryA cemetery or graveyard is a place
where the remains of dead people
are buried or otherwise interred.
Example of use:
Mary went to the cemetery
to bring flowers to her grandfather's grave.
Central naveMain part of a church or cathedral.
It's surrounded by the side naves.
It is also known as the major nave.
Example of use:
Mass was held on the central nave.
ChaliceIt is the glass in which the Catholic priest
serves wine during Mass.
Example of use:
The chalice that is in the museum of the cathedral of Burgos
is very nice.
ChapelBuilding near a church
or inside of it.
The chapels have their own altar.
They are decorated
with saints and virgins who protect them.
Example of use:
The Main Chapel is located in Burgos Cathedral.
Choir1. Group of people who sing at the same time
the same piece of music .
Example of use:
Maria sings in the school choir.
2. Seats inside of a church
where priests sit.
Example of use:
The choir of Burgos Cathedral
is next to the tomb of Cid.





ChrysostefanosDifferent name for
The goddess Aphrodite.
This name means that
Aphrodite had a golden halo.
Example of use:
Aphrodite was also called Chrysostefanos
CityA large and important city
where many people live and work.
There are many people in the city
large buildings, streets and means of transport.
The city is a place
where you will find
shops, businesses and schools.
Example of use:
Barcelona is a very big city.
It has many inhabitants.
ClerestoryTop floor of the central part
of a Gothic church,
where the windows or stained glass windows are.
It serves to get the light
inside the building.
Example of use:
The stained glass Windows are in the clerestory.





ClimbingGoing up a steep slope
like that of a mountain
or at a great height,
as in a climbing wall.
Example of use:
When I went camping
we used to go climbing.
CloisterCorridor with columns
Surrounding the courtyard or garden
Of a church, convent or cathedral.
Example of use:
The bishop walks through the cloister of the cathedral.
Coat of armsIt's a drawing that represents
A nobleman, a city or a country.
It has several divisions with drawings
Such as castles, bridges, lions and other symbols.
Example of use:
At the door of the Royal Palace
there is the coat of arms of Spain.
CoatingIt is the external part of a building.
It can be decorated.
It is used to protect the building from rain and wind.
Example of use:
The Romans used lime as a coating,
a material made of limestone, marble and shells.
Coffered ceilingsCeilings decorated with drawings
of wood, stone or other materials
Example of use:
The cathedral of Teruel
has some very beautiful coffered ceilings.








CoinSmall object made of metal that people
use to buy things.
Amathus used to make its own coins.
Example of use:
Coins are also used today.
ColumnIt is composed of 3 parts.
The lower part is called the base.
The long part that goes upwards is called the stem.
This part is straight and has a circular shape.
The final part is called capital.
It is made of stone and can have very different decorations.
Example of use:
Trajan's column was built to celebrate victory in the war.
CommunityA group of people living in the same place or
having a particular characteristic in common.
Example of use:
The community of my neighbourhood
this year has the best gentleman
to compete in the fair of the Quintana.
ConservationThe careful protection and management
of old objects.
Conservation is important so that
old objects remain in good condition.
Example of use:
Old objects need conservation.
Constables of CastileTitle given by King John the first to a person.
The person who receives this title
controls the army.
Example of use:
The Constable of Castile was the commander
when the king was gone.
ConventHouse where a community
of religious men and women live.
They dedicate their lives to praying and working.
Example of use:
Pedro is religious and lives in a convent in Galicia.
CorniceTop part of a building
decorated with moldings,
that ends up on the roof
or the wall of a building or wall.
Example of use:
John climbed to the top of the building
and saw from the cornice all over Madrid.





CoverPart that is placed
at the top of a building
to protect it from
rain and heat.
Example of use:
The greenhouse cover is made of plastic.
CrackleA deep hole or crack
that forms in the earth.
It is elongated and narrow in shape.
A narrow, narrow or narrowly shaped crack caused by movement.
As a result of movement.
Example of use:
John could not continue his journey
because of the crackle in the mountain.
Cross vaultIt is used in the construction of buildings.
It is like a ceiling.
They are two half circles that meet each other.
It is very resistant.
It can support a great weight.
Example of use:
The cross vault was used as a roof in the Baths of Diocletian.
They are the largest baths in ancient Rome.
CrossroadA place where two or more things meet or join, for example
two or more things, for example
a road or street.
Example of use:
A crossing of a road with a railroad line has no barrier
Cruise naveIt is in the churches whose construction
it's shaped like a cross.
The crossing ship is the space
in the center of the cross.

Example of use:
We can see the church lantern tower
above the cruise nave.
CryptUnderground or basement place
where many years ago
death people were buried.
They can be found
under the main floor of a church.

Example of use:
In the chapel of Santa Tecla
there are bishops buried in crypts
Cypraeidae seashellsThey got their
name from the seashells that people
gave as a gift to the temple of Aphrodite in
Cyprus.
They are very beautiful
and were placed as gifts inside
the tombs of dead people.
They look like female genitalia.
This is why they were named
after Aphrodite who is the Goddess
of birth and love.
Two species of this seashell live
in the sea of Cyprus.
Example of use:
On the beach there are many shells
in the sand.
CyprogeniaDifferent name for
The goddess Aphrodite.
This name means
That she was born in Cyprus.
Example of use:
Aphrodite Cyprogenia was born in Cyprus.
DamageTo cause harm, pain or discomfort
to a person, object
and many other things.
Example of use:
The radio does not work
because the cable is damaged.
DesertSandy or rocky terrain.
Sandy, loamy or sandy soil due to lack of rainfall.
it has almost no plants.
There are four types of deserts:
Subtropical deserts
are hot and dry
all year round.
Coastal deserts
have cold winters
and hot summers.
Winter deserts
have long, dry summers.
Winters are almost rainless.
Polar deserts
are cold all year round.
Example of use:
Polar deserts are very cold.
DisciplePerson who receives and follows
a teacher's teachings.
Example of use:
Jesus left many disciples in the world.
DisputeQuarrel, argument or fight.
Example of use:
There was a dispute between the children
was over a football.
DomeRoof of a building.
Used to cover a circular space.
Example of a use:
The tower had a round dome.
DomitianHe was a Roman emperor.
He decided not to occupy new lands
but to defend the ones he already had.
He was responsible for starting the construction of the Forum of Nerva.
Example of use:
Domitian was called Lord
DrummerQuintana's drummers are young people
playing a small drum.
Example of use:
Each Rione has its own team of drummers.
Ecclesiastical council Group of priests
that belong to a cathedral.
Example of use:
The priest Juan belongs to the ecclesiastical council of Burgos.
EcosystemGroup of living things
that are related to each other
and develop
in the same environment,
They can live in places like the sea
or in the desert.
Example of use:
In the marine ecosystem
among other living things,
there are fish, algae and crabs.
ElaemonDifferent name for
The goddess Aphrodite.
This name means that
Aphrodite helped the
people in need.
Example of use:
Aphrodite was also called Elaemon.
EmblemSymbol representing a noble family
Example of use:
each Rione has its own emblem.

EmperorHe was the person in charge of multiple peoples.
Commanded a group of soldiers.
He could punish people even with death.
Example of use:
The first Roman emperor was Augustus.
End of 4th century after the birth of ChristDuring this period of time, the religion
of Christianity is growing.
St. Tychon drove away the worshippers
of Aphrodite from the temple.
Example of use:
Christianity gains many followers in the late 4th century after the birth of Christ.
Endangered speciesA living animal or plant,
that is in danger of disappearing.
A species can disappear
worldwide
or in one area of the earth.
These animals and plants
will only be able to live
if activities or actions are taken
to care for or protect them.
Example of use:
The panda bear is an endangered animal.
Endemic1.Characteristic of a disease
that appears at certain times
in a country or region
Example of use:
Ebola has become
endemic disease.
2.Endemic species
These are animals or plants
that live naturally in an area,
that is, they have not been taken from elsewhere
and only live there.
Example of use:
The Teide blue chaffinch
is an endemic animal of Tenerife
Equestrian statueIt represents a man riding his horse.
The man was either an emperor or an army leader.
It was built to celebrate a brave man.
It was made of bronze.
Example of use:
The only equestrian statue that has been preserved well
is that of Marcus Aurelius.
Eracle or HerculesIn ancient Rome it was Hercules.
He was the son of Zeus.
It was very strong.
Example of use:
Eracle was protected by the goddess Minerva.
EsculptorA person who makes object made
from stone and marble.
Example of use:
Statues are made by the sculptor.
EstateLand owned by one person.
Estates may be
in the countryside or in the city.
Example of use:
John has fruit trees on his estate.
Eteocypriot languageAncient language that was spoken by the first Cypriots.
Until today,
no one has managed to read it.
Example of use:
The first language of Cyprus was eteocypriot.
EteocypriotsThe first inhabitants of Amathus and Cyprus.
They lived on the island
before other nations came.
Example of use:
The first inhabitants of Cyprus are called eteocypriots.
EvangelistsPeople who wrote in the Bible
About the life and teachings of Jesus.
Example of use:
St. John the Evangelist wrote some poems.









ExcavationDiscovery of old objects under the earth.
With excavation, scientists dig the ground and remove the sand in order to find old objects.
Example of use:
The excavation of Amathus helped in the discovery of the city.
ExedraIt is a construction in the shape of a half circle.
It could be found outside or inside.
It had stone seats.
It was used to meet other people and talk.
Example of use:
It was a construction widely used by the Romans
and then also used by other populations.
ExhibitionIt is a place where objects are exhibited.
The exhibition has a beginning and an end.
When the exhibition ends the objects are moved to a safe place.
In some exhibitions objects are sold.
Example of use:
To organize an exhibition it takes money and a lot of organization.
FacadeDecorated part of the building
where is the main entrance door,
It is usually in churches or cathedrals.
Example of use:
The facade of the cathedral of Burgos
It is in Santa Maria square.






FaunaAnimal set
live in a particular place
and at a certain time.
Example of use:
Wild boars are part of
Mediterranean fauna.
FeudalismThe economic, political and social system
in the Middle Ages.
Feudalism divided people
into three social groups
which were the nobility,
the church and the peasants.
The peasants worked
the lands of the nobles
in exchange for their protection.
Example of use:
Feudalism obliged the peasants
to serve the nobles
in exchange for protection.
FieldLand that is located
outside the towns and cities.
Very few people live in the countryside.
The field is used for work
agriculture and forests.
Example of use:
Juan works in the field
harvesting the wheat.
FigurineSmall statue that shows the figure of a human, animal, plant or object
Very important in old religions for protection and good luck
Placed in tombs and private homes.
Example of use:
The figurine of Aphrodite was discovered in Amathus.
FishermanA person who fishes for animals
because it is his job or because he likes it.
Example of use:
The fisherman caught a lot of fish
in the Arlanzón river.
FloraGroup of plants and trees
A group of flora or fauna of an area or country.
Example of use:
Flora of a national park
is very diverse.
There are various species of pine trees in this park.
FlycatcherIt is a figure with human form
that is on top of a clock
of Burgos Cathedral,
that is, a machine that imitates
the figure and movements of a living being.
Every hour he
open and close your mouth
at the same time that he moves his arm and hits the bell.
Example of use:
Maria went to the cathedral at 12 in the morning
to see the flycatcher ring the bell.




FolkloreRepresents culture, customs and traditions.
These traditions are passed on
from one person to another
through music, stories, theatre
and many other ways.
Example of use:
City of Burgos has
a folklore festival.
FordPart of a shallow river.
A part of the Shallow River
on foot or by car or
or another type of vehicle.
Example of use:
David and his friends walked around a ford
to get to the other side of the river.
ForestLarge area of land
where there are many plants and trees.
Animals live in the forest.
Trees and plants in the forest
can be the same or different.
Example of use:
Forest guardians are people responsible for looking after forests.
Forest rangerThey are nature police,
who protect and conserve the natural heritage,
like the forests
and all the animals and plants
that live in them.
Example of use:
My friend Leandro is a forest ranger
in the province of Soria.
ForestedRelated to forests
and to the use we can make of them
such as feeding animals in pastures,
planting trees or harvesting their wood.
Example of use:
Reforested projects are carried out
in the forests of my village.
ForumIt’s like a square.
In ancient times, citizens met here to pray, buy, sell,
discuss and listen to speeches.
Inside there are numerous buildings and monuments.
Example of use:
The Forum is located in the center of the city because it is important.
Forum of AugustusIt was the second forum built in the city of Rome.
It was built to celebrate Emperor Augustus.
It was like a square.
The square was also used as a court.
There was a temple dedicated to Mars.
In the temple the senators gathered
to talk about battles and victories.
Example of use:
In the center of the Forum of Augustus
there was a large statue of Augustus.
Forum of CaesarIt was the first forum of the city of Rome.
It is built to celebrate Julius Caesar.
It consisted of a large rectangular square closed by a temple.
In the square there were many statues.
In the center was the equestrian statue of Caesar.
There were also shops.
It was used to meet, make decisions, sell, pray.
Usage example:
The Forum of Caesar failed to complete
due to Caesar's death.
Forum of NervaIt was built by the emperor Domitian.
It stood on land where there used to be a market.
After Domitian's death, houses were built in the square.
Inside there was a temple dedicated to Minerva.
The square was long and narrow.
There were no arcades because there was little space.
Example of use:
Forum of Nerva was the penultimate hole to be built.
Forum of peaceIt was like a square.
On the square there was a temple.
The temple was similar to a church.
In the temple people prayed.
In the square there was also a library and a museum.
In the center of the square there were gardens, statue and fountains.
Example of use:
The forum of peace was built by the Emperor Vespasian.
At first it was called the Temple of Peace.
Forum of TrajanIt was the last forum built.
It was the largest one.
Parties took place inside.
It consisted of a large square.
The pavement of the square was made of large slabs of white marble.
In the center there was a statue of Trajan horseriding.
Example of use:
Trajan built the forum of Trajan with the money won in the war.
FriarIt is the name given by the Catholic Church
to the people who are in a religious community.
To achieve a religious goal
through community life.
They lived on the alms or charity of others
and took a vow of poverty.
Example of use:
The Augustinian friars received
the statue of the Holy Christ
FriezeIt is a piece of horizontal construction above the column.
It can be decorated, smooth or with writing.
Example of use:
In Roman buildings the frieze was made up of a single block of marble.
FrontThe outside part of a building.
Example of use:
The front of my house is painted yellow.

Front porchIt is similar to an open gallery.
It is located outside a building.
It was used to shelter from the rain.
It was also used to make a building more beautiful.
Example of use:
Emperor Augustus built many front porchs.
FuriousThe day of the Quintana
Every knight has a nickname.
Example of use:
The knight of Rione Contrastanga
is nicknamed the Furious
Gareggiare de ConviviIt's the cooking competition
among the ten wards of the city.
Each district organizes a banquet.
Example of use:
This year there are great meals
in the cooking contest of Gareggiare de Convivi.
GargoyleIt is a tube that drains
the rainwater that falls on the roof.
It was decorated with figures
of animals or people
and are made of stone.
Example of use:
Gargoyles come out of the pipe of the roofs.
GenerousThe day of the Quintana
Each rider has a nickname.
Example of use:
The knight of the Rione La Mora
is nicknamed the Generous.
God BesGod Bes
was the leader of the wild animals
and protected the women and
and children.
His image was found on
many objects.
He always has his hands on
on his knees and his tongue out
of his mouth.
Example of use:
God Bes protected the children and the women.
God MarsMany years ago
the war was very frequent,
ancient people had God of War.
In ancient Roman religion, Mars was the god of war.
Example of use:
Soldiers pray to the God Mars.
God Mars StatueThe Statue is made of wood.
It represents the god Mars, the god of war.
On his left hand, the god Mars has a shield,
on the right hand there is a hook where the rings are placed.
The knights have to use their lance to tuck the rings.
Example of use:
John places the rings
in the statue of God Mars.
GoldsmithA craftsman who’s trade Is to
make or sell decorative objects
with silver, gold and precious stones.
Example of use:
In Burgos Cathedral
we find works of different goldsmiths.
Gothic styleSet of works and art
that appear in Europe
since the end of the 12th century
until the beginning of the 16th century.
It is known for its pointed arches.
Example of use:
Burgos Cathedral is Gothic style.
Grave markersThe grave markers were placed
on the way to the grave or on the
the surface of the ground,
above the grave.
In Amathus the markers were
columns with lions on top.
Later with Greek art the
signs had images of people.
Example of use:
The grave markers at Amathus changed over the years.
GridFence that limits an open space.
Example of use:
Juan saw the chapel from the grid.
HamletVery small village
where few people live.
It is in the countryside.
People living in the hamlets
work in agriculture
and nearby villages.
Example of use:
John's grandparents live in a hamlet.
HathorGoddess of Ancient Egypt.
She has a lot of common characteristics
with goddess Aphrodite.
She transported the souls of the dead
to the afterlife.
Her face was found on many objects
discovered in Amathus.
Example of use:
Godess Hathor protected people from evil.
Hathoric pier capitalPier capital is the upper part
of the column. It is the head of the column.
In Amathus , several pier capitals
with the face of the Egyptian goddess
Athor were found.
Example of use: The pie capital of the goddess Athor has several designs on it.
Hathoric SteleHorizontal stele showing the face of goddess Hathor.
It was discovered in Amathus and shows the love towards goddess Hathor.
Example of use:
The hathoric stele was constructed for goddess Hathor.
HeadstoneFlat stone
with written words
in memory of a person.
Example of use:
On the headstones of the cemetery
we can read who is buried.
HemicycleIt is a construction in the shape of a half circle.
In the squares it serves to give an effect of grandeur.
In theaters it serves to allow all spectators to see and hear well.
Example of use:
Trajan's markets in Rome are an example of a hemicycle.
HermitageSmall place where priests live alone.
Example of use:
My village has a small hermitage.









HikingA sporting activity that consists of
walking through the countryside
following a marked route.
Example of use:
In my neighbourhood there is a hiking group
that goes for a walk on Saturday mornings.
HillsThe hill is a higher piece of land.
Rome is famous for its seven hills.
The ancient city was built on the hills of Rome.
They are still visible today.
Example of use:
The seven hills of Rome are called Aventino, Campidoglio,
Celio, Esquilino, Palatino, Quirinale and Viminale.
HistorianA person who works
studying and writing about history,
that is, tells us about events
that have happened in the past.
Example of use:
Álvaro is a historian
and has published the history of Spain
in several books.
Historical ParadeThe night before the race,
the representatives of the 10 districts
parade through the streets of the city.
Nobles, knights and drummers wear baroque costumes.
Example of use:
The Historical Parade takes place every year in Foligno.
HoopIt's a circle-shaped element
which may have different material and size.
Example of use:
John placed the hoops
in the statue of God Mars.
Hunter1. A person who hunts animals
because it is his job or because he likes it.
2. Animal, who chases and hunts
other animals
to survive.
Example of usage:
In spring,
groups of people go hunting
to the hunting ground in my village.
IconReligious painting of some Christian churches,
Especially Greece, Russia and other eastern European countries.
Example of use:
Maria loves the color and the golden background
of the icons of The Churches of Russia.
IncarcerateTo put a person in jail.
Example of use:
My neighbour is in jail for stealing.
Police decided to incarcerate him.
Incense burnerObject used for
burning leaves and herbs.
In Amathus it was important for
religious ceremonies.
Example of use:
The smoke from the incense burner filled the room.
Information panelIt is similar to a billboard but more resistant.
Contains useful information for visiting a place.
It can also reproduce images or words like a computer screen.
Usage example:
The information panel is very useful for tourists.
IntercolumniationSpace between two columns.
Example of use:
Hugo went to the chapel through the intercolumniation.
JambVertical part that holds and supports the arch,
doors or windows.
Example of use:
Luis varnished the jamb because
it was damaged.
Joust of the Quintana of FolignoIt is a horse race
where 10 riders have to put their lance
in the rings that hang from the statue.
It takes place in Foligno 2 times a year.
Foligno is a city located in Italy.
Example of use:
The fair of the Quintana de Foligno
takes place in June and September.
Julius CaesarHe was one of the most important commanders in history.
He defeated the Gauls, a population living in France.
He began to command after defeating his rivals Pompey and Crassus.
Some people killed him to keep him from command.
Among the people who killed him was his son Brutus.
Example of use:
Julius Caesar wrote diaries where he recounted his adventures.
KeyIt is an object that is used to open or close a door.
In ancient Rome the keys were similar to rings.
They were made of bronze.
They were very big.
Example of use:
The keys were used above all to close
and open safes inside houses.
King Sigismund of HungaryKing of many territories
such as Hungary and Italy
and German Emperor.
Son of Charles IV
and Elisabeth of Pomerania.
He was a great warrior
and created the Order of the Dragon,
which was an army
of nobles and princes
founded in the Middle Ages
to fight against the enemies
of the Catholic Church
Example of use:
King Sigismund
was very powerful.
Knight of the JoustThe 10 Knights represent the districts of Foligno.
To win the Joust
the Knight has to ride through a 8-shaped track
and put his lance in the rings.
The most precise and the fastest knight wins the race.
Example of use: The knights, riding their horses,
must tuck the rings, using a metal lance.
KourotrophosDifferent name for
The goddess Aphrodite.
This name means that
Aphrodite protected the infants.
Example of use:
Aphrodite was also called Kourotrophos.
LakeA natural water reservoir,
surrounded by land
and not part of the ocean.
Lakes are larger and deeper than ponds.
Lakes.
They are usually freshwater.
Example of use:
Covadonga lakes are
in the Picos de Europa mountains.
LampIt was used to illuminate the houses.
It could have been bronze or terracotta.
Inside it had a small container that contained oil.
The light came on while burning the oil.
Example of use:
Lamp could also be hung from the ceiling as a chandelier.
Lantern towerIt is a tower
which is in the centre of the church.
It is built
for light to enter the building.
Example of use:
El Cid's tomb is under the lantern tower.
LarchVery tall tree with fragrant wood,
straight and slender trunk.
Open branches
and soft green leaves.
Its fruit is a pinecone
smaller than that of the pine tree.
Example of use:
It is rare to find in Burgos
a larch forest.
LatrineIt is like a bathroom.
They were usually outdoors.
They were covered with a roof.
They could be used by everyone.
Inside we met and chatted.
Example of use:
In the latrines of ancient Rome
there was always water available for washing.
Legacy1. What someone leaves behind when they die,
such as money, pictures or houses,
in their will to another person or persons,
that is, what is passed on
to an heir
2. What is left to us by someone important
such as a painter, writer or
a culture such as the Romans
and which everyone can enjoy
when they are dead
Example of use:
Ishmael left his library
to the city of Nice. That was his legacy.
LegendPopular story based on events
that can be real or invented.
It is usually spread by one person telling another.
Example of use:
The dragon of St. George is a legend
LibraryIt consisted of two large rooms.
It had columns on the walls.
Between the columns there were spaces with steps.
Books and collections of laws were kept in the library.
Example of use:
In the Imperial Forums there is the Ulpia Library
which contains the Trajan's Column in its courtyard,
the only column still entire.
LintelItem lying down
that's on top
windows and doors.
It has the function of holding the weight.
Example of use:
The word "welcome" is read on the lintel.
LordshipTerritory or area belonging
to a person.
This person is known
known as a lord.
The lord rules over all the land
that he owns.
Example of use:
The lordship of the Marquis
had a pig farm.





LoyalThe day of the Quintana
Every knight has a nickname.
Example of use: The knight of Rione Croce Bianca
is nicknamed
the Loyal.
LuteIt is a musical instrument with strings.
There were three strings.
It is the ancestor instrument of our guitar.
It was easier to play than the zither.
Example of use:
It is thought that the lute is a medieval instrument
while it was already used by the ancient Romans.
MarbleIt's a kind of rock.
It has different colors.
It is used as material
For construction and sculpture.
Example of use:
The Cid statue is made of marble.







Marble anthropomorphic sarcophagusIt's one of the eleven sarcophagi
in the form of humans that
recovered in Cyprus.
It is made of white
marble and was made from
by a craftsman who lived in Amathus.
Example of use:
Inside the sarcophagus were bones
from different people.
Marked pathA narrow road that is marked
how to get to a particular place.
Example of use:
John followed the marked path
to get to the house in the woods.
MarketIt is the place where the sale of objects takes place.
Products to eat are sold.
Handmade products such as bags or clothes are also sold.
Example of use:
Trajan's Markets in Rome were not used for the sale of objects.
In Trajan's markets there were places similar to offices
where citizens' problems were resolved.
MarsHe is a god of the Roman religion.
He is the god of war, rain and wealth.
He is always represented with a helmet, shield and spear.
Example of use:
Mars was the father of Romulus and Remus, founder of Rome.
MeanderEach of the curves
of a river or a road.
Example of use:
The river forms meanders
before reaching Burgos.
MineA place inside or on the surface of earth where people take out various metals.
Amathus had its own mine close by and made coins.
Example of use:
There are many seashells at the beach.
MinervaShe was a goddess.
He protected just wars, loyalty and wisdom.
She was the inventor of the chariot.
His symbol was the owl.
Example of use:
A temple dedicated to Minerva
was located in the Forum of Nerva
MoldingIs it a complement or detail
with which a thing ends.
It serves as decoration or reinforcement.
It is placed along a facade,
at the junction of the walls with the ceiling
or in works of art.
Example of use:
The patterned molding
It's all over the front.




MonarchThe person
who has the most power or authority
of a country.
It is known by the name of king.
Example of use:
Our monarch, Philip the sixth
has two daughters.
MonasteryBuilding in which the monks live.
Monasteries are located
away from towns or cities.
Example of use:
The film was made in a monastery.
MonkA person who belongs to a religious order.
Example of use:
The monks were praying in the church.

MoroThe day of the Quintana
Every knight has a nickname.
Example of use:
The knight of Rione Pugilli
is nicknamed the Moro.
MountainA natural elevation of land
of great height.
It usually has sloping sides.
The top or end of the mountain
is shaped like a point.
Example of use:
Everest is a very tall mountain.
Mountain guideA person who works through teaching and guiding
a person or group of persons
mountain trails and routes.
A mountain guide is a trained and experienced
and with a great deal of experience.
He has a document
issued by the local authorities
or mountain guide associations
that says he is a good
to do the job.
Example of use:
Luis works every summer
as a mountain guide.





Mountain hutA small house in the mountains.
The chalets are built
with branches, reeds or logs.
These materials are found in the countryside.
Example of use:
A shepherd uses a mountain hut in winter.
Mountain rangeA set of mountains joined together.
Example of use:
The climbers ascended the Cantabrian Mountain range.
Mountain resortIt's the place for a holiday
located in the mountains.
In mountain resorts are located:
• Hotels
• Restaurants
• Ski resorts
where winter sports are practiced,
such as skiing, snowboarding, ice climbing and ice skating.
and ice skating.
In mountain resorts
summer activities such as mountain biking and mountain biking
such as mountain biking
and many others.
Example uses:
Elena went on holiday to a mountain resort.
MugIt is a container for liquids.
It is made of bronze.
It has only one handle.
It was used to hold water, wine or milk.
Example of use:
The use of the mug in ancient Rome is the same as it is today.
MullionThin column
which divides into two parts
the opening of a door or window.
Usage example:
The door of the cathedral is divided by a mullion.
MuseumBuilding in which old objects of
historic and scientific importance
are stored and presented.
Many of the old objects
that were found in Amathus
are inside the museum.
Example of use:
People go to the museum to see old objects.
NarcissusFlower with different colour petals.
Named after Narcissus.
Narcissus was a man that loved only himself.
Aphrodite punished him by making him
love his face which he could see
in the waters of a river.
Narcissus fell in the water and died.
A flower grew at his place which leans
to see itself.
Example of use:
Narcissus blossoms in Spring.
National parkProtected natural area
in which rules must be complied with
to take care of its
landscape, plants and animals.
Example of use:
Doñana National Park
is one of the 5 largest national parks
largest national parks in Spain.
Natural areaLand where many plants and trees
have grown without having been planted.
Example of use:
In the natural area
there are many different plants
and they smell very nice.
Natural landscapeIt is the land or space
that has not been modified
by people.
This land is not inhabited,
no people live on it.
Examples of use:
Elena goes hiking in a natural landscape.
NaveSpace
between two walls or rows of columns.
Example of use:
The bride enters through the nave towards the altar.
NecropolisBig open space where dead people
were buried during the old times.
There are two necropolises in Amathus,
in the left and right side of the city.
Example of use:
The word necropolis means city of the dead.
NervaHe was a Roman emperor.
He was a calm and attentive person.
He was a man who knew so many things.
To make people love him, he gave money to the people and the military.
Example of use:
When Nerva became emperor he was 66 years old.
NicheHalf-circle hollow
that's on a wall, an altarpiece or another surface.
Inside the niche there is usually
a statue, an image or an ornament.
Example of use:
The statue of the Saint
is in a small niche in the hermitage.






NobleIt refers to a rich and powerful person or family
Example of use:
In the Baroque period, peasants and nobles
were very different from each other.
Noble ladyA female member of the nobility
Example of use:
Quintana’s noble ladies wear beautiful costumes.

Notice of challengeThe Bando is the official text of the Quintana.
The evening of the Historical Parade and the day of the Joust,
an actor reads out the Bando loud.
Example of use:
The Reading of the Notice of Challenge is a very exciting moment
NymphaeumHoly place dedicated to the nymphs of water springs.
Usually they were natural caves with water springs.
Example of use:
Nymphaeum was named after the Nymphs.
OakTree of fifteen or twenty metres height,
it can sometimes grow up to forty metres.
Thick trunk and large branches,
it has yellow-green flowers
and its fruits are bitter acorns.
The wood is hard and brownish in colour,
very valuable.
Example of use:
The table in the picnic area
is made of oak wood.
Observation towerPlace or highest point
from where people can see
a beautiful landscape.
Example of use:
My brother took the photo from the observation tower
Octavian AugustusHe was the first Roman emperor.
He made sure that there was peace during his reign.
Octavian Augustus made the city of Rome more beautiful
by building many monuments.
He loved poetry.
Example of use:
Octavian Augustus asked Virgil to write the Aeneid.
PallaIt was like a cloak.
It was worn by women.
It could be worn in several ways.
It could also be used as a headdress.
Example of use:
the palla in ancient Rome
had a rectangular shape
and for men it was called palla.
PalliumThe Palio is a large decorated piece of cloth.
The Palio is the prize that receives the Knight who wins the Quintana.
Every year a different artist paints the Palio.
Example of use:
All gentlemen compete in the race
to win the pallium.
PandemosDifferent name for
The goddess Aphrodite.
This name means
Goddess of all people.
Example of use:
Aphrodite was also called Pandemos
PassionTo have a very strong interest in something.
Example of use:
The citizens of Foligno have a great passion for the Quintana.
PathNarrow path
formed by the passage of
of people or animals.
Example of use:
My friends reached the top of the mountain following the path next to the river.
PeakHighest part of a mountain.
It is usually shaped like a point.
Example of use:
The Aneto peak is the highest peak in the Pyrenees
PeasantA poor person who lives
and work on the countryside.
Example of use:
In the Baroque period,
peasants and nobles were very different from each other.
PedimentIt is located at the top of the facade of a building or monument.
It has a triangular shape.
It can be smooth or decorated.
Example of use:
The bronze foot of a statue above the pediment of the Temple of Augustus
is exhibited in the Museum of the Imperial Forums.
PertinaciousThe day of the Quintana
Every knight has a nickname.
Example of use:
The knight of Rione Cassero is nicknamed
the Pertinacius.
PilarIt's an object that allows you to hold something.
It's shaped like a column,
and it is usually tall and thin.
Example of use:
The bridge needs six pillars to hold.







PilasterIt is used to decorate.
It is like a column inside a wall.
It is slightly protruding.
Like a column it has its base and its capital.
Example of use:
In ancient Rome the pilaster was used for the walls of churches.
PinnacleLast piece that is on top
of a tower or bell tower of a church.
Example of use:
You can see the pinnacles of Burgos Cathedral
from all over the city.
PlateauPlain or flat terrain.
A plateau is a large
and is higher
than other surrounding areas.
Example of use:
Juan walked out onto the plateau
to see the beautiful sunset.
PolychromedTo place or put different colors on something,
for example,
a statue, a wall and other things.
Usage example:
The statue of the virgin has been polychromed.







Pontia EinaliaDifferent name for
The goddess Aphrodite.
This name means sea,
Goddess of the sea.
Example of use:
Aphrodite was also called Pontia-Einalia.
Pontia of CyprusDifferent name for
The goddess Aphrodite.
This name means
Lady of Cyprus.
Example of use:
Aphrodite was also called Potnia of Cyprus.
PortPlace where ships and boats park.
The port was very important for Amathus
to buy and sell goods.
Example of use:
The ships unload their goods at the port.
Port of TrajanIt is a natural or man-made structure.
It is found along the shores of the sea, a lake or a river.
It is used to park boats.
It is also used to protect boats from bad weather.
Example of use:
the port of Traiano was located in Fiumicino.
It was used to transport goods arriving from the sea to Rome.
The boats passed on the River Tiber.
PortalIt is the door of a building.
The door faces the outside.
It has a religious value.
Point to the door of salvation.
Example of use:
The use of portals developed in Roman times.
PrelateHe's a priest who holds a higher office.
within the Catholic Church
because he sends other priests.
Bishops or archbishops are prelates.
Example of use:
The prelate meets with the priests.

















PresbyterySpace that's nearby
of the main altar of a church,
may be higher
and surrounded by a railing.
Example of use:
In the presbytery they hear mass
the greatest cures.
PriestPerson who has the third priestly order
of more importance
given by the Catholic, Orthodox and Anglican Church.
The priest has among his main functions:
celebrate mass
Explain the Gospel.
give some sacraments
for example
baptism, confirmation, and others.
Spiritual guidance.
Example of use:
Luis has a priest friend
PriorThe Prior is at the head of each ward.
Example of use:
During the historical parade
the Priors wear very precious clothes.
ProcuratorHe was a trusted person of the emperor.
He was usually a soldier.
He took care of the emperor's money.
In the city he decided on the roads, aqueducts and public buildings.
He could also deal with a distant territory conquered by the emperor.
Example of use:
Pontius Pilate was procurator in Judea.
Protected areaControlled or monitored area
which has rules
to protect natural
resources, culture and services
that exist in the area.
Examples of protected areas are:
national parks, wilderness areas,
community protected areas
and nature reserves.
Example of use:
Spain has many protected areas.
Ptolemaic DynastyRoyal family that ruled Egypt
after the death of Alexander the great
for around 300 years.
During this period, Cyprus and Amathus
became part of the Ptolemaic empire.
Example of use:
The Ptolemies became that leaders of Amathus.
PtolemyGeneral in the army of Alexander the Great.
When Alexander died, Ptolemy became the leader of Egypt.
Example of use:
In the old times, Ptolemy was the leader of Egypt.
QuadrigaIt is similar to a chariot.
It had two wheels and was pulled by four horses.
It was used in running competitions and sports games.
Sometimes important people used the chariot on the streets of Rome.
Example of use:
The first person who used a quadriga was Tarquinio Priscus,
Who was the fifth king of Rome.
Queen Mary of HungaryOr Mary of Austria or Mary of Habsburg.
Daughter of Philip the Fair and Joan the Mad.
She was queen consort of Hungary,
that is to say, she was queen by marriage
to Louis the Second of Hungary
between 1521 and 1526
She was very clever in politics and very intelligent
and prevented the ruin of her family
Example of use:
Queen Mary of Hungary
was very clever.
QuintanaThe word Quintana comes from Latin and it means 5 road.
It is one of the roads of the Roman military camp.
The soldiers of the Roman army
trained in this road.
The soldiers, riding their horse, had to place their lance
into the ring hanging to the statue.
Example of use:
The Quintana was a road of the military camp
where soldiers trained.
QuirinaleIt is one of the seven hills of Rome.
It takes its name from the god Quirinus.
A temple was built on the Quirinal
for the god Quirinus.
Romulus, the founder of Rome, was associated with the god Quirinus.
Example of use:
The entire archaeological area of the Imperial Fora
extends from the Quirinale
to the Capitoline Hill.
RampatPart of a protective wall that extends outside.
It helped protect the city from enemies.
Example of use:
The walls of Amathus had a rampart.
ReconquerConquer or recover something that had been lost.
Example of use:
Luis wants his territory back.
You have to reconquer it.
ReconstructionBack to construction, rebuilt.
Example of use:
The reconstruction of Notre Dame
has already started.
ReignThis is the time
in which a king or queen holds office or rules
a king or queen.
Example of use:
Philip the Fourth's reign is difficult.
Reinaissance styleSet of works and art
which appeared in the 15th and 16th centuries,
which takes as an example
the art of Greece and Rome.
Example of use:
Seville Square is Renaissance style.
Reione la MoraThe Rione La Mora has as its coat of arms
a mulberry tree on a green background.
Example of use:
In the days of Quintana,
the flags of Rione La Mora are hung.
Reione MorlupoThe Rione Morlupo has as its coat of arms
a black wolf on a pink background.
Example of use:
In the days of Quintana,
the flags of Rione Morlupo are hung.
ReligionSet of beliefs about human beings
and their relationship with God.
They include ceremonies, prayers
and standards of behavior.
Example of use:
There are many religions in the world.
For example, Christian, Buddhist and Jewish.
ReptilesVertebrate animals, that is,
they have a skull, a tail, and a backbone.
Reptiles are oviparous
because they reproduce by laying eggs.
They breathe through their lungs.
They move from place to place
by crawling on the ground.
Example of use:
Crocodiles, lizards and snakes.
are reptiles.
Rest areaSpace to rest,
rest or stop working or driving
or driving
Example of use:
People who make long journeys
stop in the rest areas.
Rione AmmannitiThe Rione Ammanniti has as its coat of arms
two crossed swords on a pink background.
Example of use:
In the days of Quintana,
the flags of the Rione Ammanniti are hung
Rione BadiaThe Rione Badia has as its coat of arms
A Roman soldier on horseback.
Example of use:
In the days of Quintana, the flags of
Rione Badia are hung.
Rione CasseroThe Rione Cassero has as its coat of arms
a crenellated tower on a yellow background.
Example of use:
In the days of Quintana,
the flags of Rione Cassero are hung.
Rione ContrastangaThe Rione Contrastanga has as its coat of arms
a bridge, under which passes a pond of water.
The bridge is represented by three golden bars.
Example of use:
In the days of Quintana,
the flags of Rione Contrastanga are hung.
Rione Giotti The Rione Giotti has as its coat of arms
A lily and a cross on a background of white and blue waves.
Example of use:
In the days of Quintana,
the flags of Rione Giotti are hung.
Rione PugilliThe Rione Pugilists has its coat of arms
A black eagle on a white background.
Example of use:
In the days of Quintana,
the flags of Rione Pugilli are hung.
Rione SpadaThe Rione Spada has as its coat of arms
A sword on a black background.
Example of use:
In the days of Quintana,
the flags of Rione Spada are hung.
Rione White CrossThe White Cross Reione has as its coat of arms
a white cross on a red background.
Example of use:
In the days of Quintana,
the flags of Rione Croce Bianca are hung.
RitualΜovements and words that symbolize something in religious events.
Example of use:
The ritual is performed in honour of the Gods.
RiverA watercourse rising in the mountains
and ends in the sea or another river.
In some cases,
a river ends on land and dries up.
Example Usage:
The Amazon is the longest river in the world.
Rock dwellings in Dúpänce:Dunes, rock dwellings
Caves excavated in rock
as if they were holes,
placed side by side
and were used as dwellings and
food storage
in the valley of the Stiavnica stream.
Example of use:
Rock dwellings in Dúpänce
are very popular in Slovakia.





RocksThey are stones
or elements created by nature,
that is, they are not man-made.
They come in a variety of shapes and sizes.
They are very heavy.
Example of use:
John went to look at the sea by the rocks.
Roman basilicaThe Roman basilica was a public building.
Many things were done inside.
In the basilica citizens could sell or buy houses or lands.
Here disputes between citizens could be resolved.
It was shaped like a rectangle.
Example of use:
Julius Caesar had a Roman basilica built.
Romulus y RemusRomulus and Remus were two twin brothers.
Romulus was the first king of Rome.
They were sons of Rea Silva, a relative of Aeneas.
Abandoned by their mother, they were suckled by a she-wolf.
Example of use:
As adults Romulus and Remus fought to found the city of Rome.
Remo died in the battle.
RosetteCircular window
who has an ornate stained-glass window
with different drawings and colors.
Example of use:
Burgos Cathedral has beautiful rosettes.
RoundThe tournament is divided into 3 rounds.
In the first round the rings’ size is 8 centimetres.
In the second round the rings’ size is 6 centimetres
and in the third round they are just 5 centimetres.
Example of use:
John placed three rings
in the third round of the tournament.
SacraSheet or tablet that is put on the altar
so the priest can read
the parts he always says during Mass.
Example of use:
The priest reads the sacra during Mass.







SacredIt is a word that comes from the Latin.
Indicates something related to a deity and its cult.
It is linked to the concept of religion
Example of use:
The sacred main deities in ancient Rome were Mars,
Jupiter and Quirinus.
Sacred historyExplanation of facts that occurred in religion
that a person counts in an orderly manner.
Sacred history information
appears in the bible
in the Christian religion.
Example of use:
The priest tells the sacred history at mass.
SaintPerson who is dedicated to God
or religion
and has done something special for others.
Example of use:
Saint Teresa of Jesus
he was appointed saint on March 12, 1622.
Sarcophagus ofAmathusCoffin where they used to put inside the body of a dead person in the old times.
It belonged to a king of Amathus.
Example of use:
To honour a dead king,
his body was placed in a sarcophagus.
SawmillA place where wood is sawn.
Example of use:
In the Pinares area
there are many sawmills.
ScarabsThe scarabs were small pieces of
different rocks that had a seal on them.
Their use was widespread
throughout the region.
They were used as seals
and as amulets, which were worn
by people or were offered as
a gift to the gods.
As amulets, they had a religious and
magical power, protecting the
people in life and in the
and death.
Example of use:
Many scarabs were found inside tombs at Amathus.
SeaThis is salt water
that covers most of the Earth's surface
of the Earth's surface.
Example of use:
Juan went by boat
in the Bay of Biscay.
SeashellsThe outside protective shells of small sea organisms.
According to the myth, Aphrodite was born in the sea on top of a seashell.
Example of use:
There are many seashells at the beach.
SepulcherIt's a matter for a person to be buried.
It may be placed
on the floor or on the wall.
Example of use:
The family has decided
change the remains of grandparents
to the sepulcher next to the church.
ShaftIt's the part of the column
That is between the capital and the base.
Being the main part of the columns.
Example of use:
The spine has a smooth and thin shaft.
She-WolfThe she-wolf is an important figure in the legend
of Romulus and Remus.
It is said that the she-wolf found the two weeping brothers
as soon as they were born.
The she-wolf nursed them as her own children
until they were found by a shepherd.
Example of use:
The she-wolf nursing the twins is the symbol of the city of Rome.
ShipwreckBoat that has sank in the water
during its trip.
In the sea around Amathus
there are many shipwrecks
from boats that carried goods.
Example of use:
Many old objects were discovered inside the shipwrecks
ShopsThey were used as a place to sell.
Inside, the materials and objects to sell were prepared.
They were very small.
The furnishings were few.
Often there were chairs to accommodate the customer.
Example of use:
Near the Imperial Forums we find the Trajan's Market with many shops.
Side aisleSpace limited by walls or columns.
It is located parallel to the central or main nave.
The side nave is in the cathedrals
and it can have chapels.
Example of use:
John walked the aisle
to get to the chapel
of the Constables of Castile.
SilversmithIt is the craftsman who makes and sells jewelry
and other objects decorated in silver.
Example of use:
The silversmith works the silver
to make earrings.







Skyphos Skyphos was a type of Greek
wide cup with two handles.
It was made of clay
and usually had paintings on it.
Example of use:
Skyphos is a clay cup.
SlatFlat and thin piece.
It's usually made of wood.
Example of use:
John painted the slat blue.
Soprastanti Market FairSoprastanti Market Fair
It is a market fair that takes place during the Quintana.
Visitors paying in “Quattrino”
“Quattrino” was the coin used in 17th century.
Example of use:
The Soprastanti market fair takes place in September.
SpandrelSpace with a trangle shape
that has a straight side
and one or two sides with curves.
It is located between the arch and the lintel.
You can find it decorated.
Example of use:
The spandrel is decorated with medals.
SpearIt's a weapon with a wooden shaft
and a pointed steel head.
Knights used this weapon.
Example of use:
Many years ago,
men used spears to hunt.
SpireA tall structure
elongated and pointed in shape
that looks like a pyramid.
It is placed over the towers and bell towers
Of Gothic cathedrals and churches
to decorate them
and make them taller.
Example of use:
The spire of Burgos Cathedral is 84 meters long.





SpringA place where water is born
from the ground or rocks in a natural way.
Springs can be
always in the same place
or appear after the water
from rain or snow.
Example of use:
The water of this spring is very cold.
Stained glass windowColored glass from a window.
May have different drawings
of landscapes, people, animals
and other topics.
Example of use:
Light enters through the windows with stained glass windows
StaircaseConstruction that serves to go up and down
from one floor to another.
Example of use:
Luis lives on the second floor.
Always go up and down the staircase.
StallsSet of seats joined to each other,
who share the place
where we rest our arms,
like those of a church choir.
Example of use:
The choir stalls
of Burgos Cathedral
They have different image sizes.




StatueIt is a sculpture representing a human, animal or symbol.
The sculpture can be made from any material
such as stone or wood and can take any shape.
Example of use:
The Statue of Liberty is in the United States of America.
StealTo take something that is not yours
from another person.
It can be stolen with violence or force.
Example of use:
John stole Anne's pencil case.
StolaIn ancient Rome, the stole was part of women's clothing.
It was a full, foot-length tunic.
It was held with a belt at the waist.
Example of use:
Even today the stole is still used on some occasions,
for example as a garment for priests during religious services.
Stone carverPerson who pulls the stone out of the earth
and works on it by shaping it.
These stones are used
for construction.
Example of use:
The stone carver works the stone
to shape it as an angel.





StreetIt is a flat and horizontal construction.
It is used to make vehicles and people walk unhindered.
The ancient Romans built very resistant roads.
Example of use:
A type of Roman street is the paved one.
StructureSet of pieces joined together
that serve to hold or place something.
Example of use:
The structure of the building is iron.
SundialIt is also called a sundial clock.
It consists of a base positioned both horizontally and vertically.
On the base there is a pole that indicates noon.
The position of the sun in the sky determines a shadow on the base.
From the position of the shadow you can calculate the time.
Example of use:
The Romans used the sundial to calculate the time.
SwampStagnant or retained water,
That is, no movement.
This water is usually shallow.
In swamps, many water plants
many water plants grow in swamps.
Example of use:
The Arija swamp is in Burgos.
TabernacleIn Catholic churches, it's the place,
where the communion cup is kept.
Example of use:
The priest takes the communion cup of the tabernacle.
TavernThe tavern is a public place
where you can eat and drink during the Quintana.
Every ward has its own tavern.
Example of use:
In the taverns of the city of Foligno
one can eat very good food.
TempleIt’s a religious place.
It was dedicated to a god or goddess.
It’s built higher than the road.
To reach it you have to take stairs.
The front part is called the facade, it is composed of many columns.
Inside there is a statue that represents the divinity.
Example of use:
In ancient Rome the most important temple was that of the Capitoline Jupiter.
The cathedral master builderHe's the person in charge of building a cathedral.
The workmaster
organizes the workers
for the construction of the building.
They were called that,
to the builders of Gothic cathedrals.
Example of use:
The builders of Gothic cathedrals were called work masters.




The PhoeniciansThe Phoenicians were an ancient eastern civilization and their main work was maritime trade.
The Phoenicians were the first foreigners
that came and stayed at Amathus.
Example of use:
Phoenicia was located where modern Lebanon is.
TogaIt was a cloak to be used over the tunic.
It was usually made with wool.
Only male Roman citizens could use it.
It was of different color and material depending on who it was used for.
Example of use:
Whoever wore a toga had to represent the power of Rome
and for this reason it was large and heavy.
TombHole in the ground
or construction on earth
used to bury
a person's body
when he dies.
Example of use:
The tomb was undecorated.
Tomb offeringsTomb offerings are the objects
that were put in the graves.
They were gifts for the deceased.
Usually they were vases, coins,
weapons, amulets and items of beauty.
The tomb offerings give us important
information about age, gender
and social status of the deceased.

Example of use:
The objects found in the tombs of Amathus
are called tomb offerings
Tourist officePlace where information is provided
to tourists or travellers.
Materials provided to travellers or tourists
To assist them in making travel arrangements.
Are maps, brochures and guidebooks.
These bureaus can be found
in towns and villages.
Example of use:
Burgos has two tourist offices.
Touristic mapFlat Earth view
A map of the Earth's surface, or only a part of it.
It contains useful and important information
for tourism concerning towns and villages.
Also show or show us
how to get to the most important places
such as churches, castles
and many others.
Example of use:
Alice followed the map to get to her hotel.
TowerIt was located near the entrance and exit gates of the city.
It was made of stone.
It was used to see the enemy approaching the city as soon as possible.
It was higher than the walls to see as far as possible.
Example of use:
In foreign lands towers were also used to communicate
between soldiers and were built in wood.
TradeΤhe exchange or sale of goods
between people.
In the old times, Amathus was an important trading center.
Example of use:
Trade helps people have different goods.
TraditionThe transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to
generation, or the fact of being passed on in this way.

TrajanHe was emperor after Nerva.
He was born in Spain.
He was a famous soldier and commander.
He won many wars.
With him the territory of Rome increased.
He had many buildings and spas built in Rome.
Example of use:
The Trajan's Column was built in his honor.
Trajan's columnIt was built to celebrate the conquest of Dacia.
The battle scenes are depicted around the column.
Example of use:
Trajan's column was located in the Forum of Traiano.
TranseptNave crossing the floor of a church
forming a Latin cross.
Example of use:
Marta opened a door to the cathedral
that overlooked the transept.
TrasaltarSite that in churches or cathedrals
It is behind the altar.
Example of use:
In the trasaltar of the cathedral of Burgos
there are five stone altarpieces.







TravertineIt is a light-colored rock.
On the surface it has many small cavities.
It may resemble a sponge but very hard.
It is very resistant.
Example of use:
In ancient Rome travertine was used to
build and decorate buildings and monuments.
Treasury1.All the goods and wealth that a person has.
2.Land for livestock or agriculture.
3.Public entity
that administers and organises
the assets of the State.
Treasury marks tax obligations
of citizens and companies.
Example of use:
The Treasury authorities ask us for money
to pay taxes
Tree fellingCutting a tree as far down its trunk as possible
Example of use:
Juan works tree felling in the forest.
TriforiumWindows located on the two walls
of the central nave of the churches.
Placed above the arches
that give to the side ships.
Example of use:
The triforium were built
in important churches,
Romanesque and Gothic.
Triumphal archIt is a wall with an opening in the center.
You can go under it.
The opening is arch-shaped.
The arch has a curved shape.
It is made of stone or marble,
there may be statues and writings in relief.
Example of use:
Triumphal arches were built to celebrate victory in a war.
TubIt is also called Labrum.
It was made of marble, bronze, stone or terracotta.
It usually stood on a straight, short base.
It was used to contain water or another liquid.
There might have been decorations on the edge of the tub.
It was used as a fountain in private gardens or as a container.
Example of use:
In the Roman baths tub was found in hot areas
and contained cold water to cool off.
TubaIt is a wind musical instrument.
It was made of bronze.
It was mainly used by the military to give orders
and make themselves feel good.
Example of use:
In ancient Rome the tuba could be even more than a meter long.
Tuff stoneA type of limestone,
very spongy and light.
Tuff stone is formed
by the lime
dissolved in the water
dissolved in the water of some springs.
Example of use:
Bricks are made
with tuff stone.
TunicIt was the most common men's dress in ancient Rome.
It was used by both citizens and slaves.
Citizens put it under the toga especially for important events.
It could be colored or white but never black.
Example of use:
In Roman society the thickness of the tunic
and the presence of decorations
represented the importance of the man who wore it.
TunnelThe tunnel is a road that
it is located under the earth.
At the bottom of the hill of the
Acropolis of Amathus,
an underground tunnel was discovered.
Inside, some 200 objects were found,
mostly statues and figurines.
They seem to have had a religious use
And were related to mystical rituals.
Example of use:
The entrance to the tunnel was never found.
UraniaDifferent name for
The goddess Aphrodite.
This name means
Goddess of the sky.
Example of use:
Aphrodite was also called Urania
VainHole in the wall
or on the roof of a building.
It serves to pass the air and light to the building.
Example of use:
To the vain of the wall
the sun's rays came in.






ValleyFlat land
between hills or mountains.
There is often a river or stream in this terrain.
Example of use:
The river Jere flows through the Jerte valley.
VaseContainer made from clay, glass or metal
and it is used to store things inside.
The biggest stone vase in the world was found in Amathus.
Today the vase is at Louvre Museum in France.
Example of use:
Inside the vase they put water.
VaultedIt is a particular type of ceiling.
It can have different shapes such as barrel vault and cross vault.
All shapes have a recess.
Example of use:
In Roman buildings it is possible to admire beautiful vaulted ceilings.
Veneridae seashellsThese seashells look like
female genitalia.
This is why they were named
After goddess Aphrodite who is the Goddess
of birth and love.
Sixteen species of this seashell live
in the sea of Cyprus.

Example of use: On the beach there are many shells in the sand.
VenusShe is the goddess of beauty and physical love.
She is the mother of Aeneas.
It was celebrated on April 1st.
His party was called Veneralia.
The best known temple of ancient Rome was built for her.
Example of use:
Venus was the mother of Aeneas.
He was a family member of Romulus.
Romulus was the founder of Rome.
VespasianHe was a Roman emperor.
He was a very good soldier.
Vespasian made Rome more beautiful.
Vespasian also made the territories conquered by Rome more beautiful.
Example of use:
Vespasian was called new man
because he did not come from a noble family.
Via dei Fori Imperiali It is one of the most beautiful streets in Rome.
It connects the Colosseum and Piazza Venezia.
Walking on the street the Imperial Forums can be seen.
Example of use:
At the beginning via dei Fori Imperiali
was called via dell'Impero.
VigorousThe day of the Quintana
Every knight has a nickname.
Example of use:
The knight of Rione Ammaniti is nicknamed
the Vigorous
VillagePopulation smaller than a town.
Villages consist of
Streets, houses and buildings.
Few people live there.
Example of use:
My parents were born in a village.
Vine branchSarmiento or vine branch,
where the grapes come from.
Example of use:
Burgos Cathedral has a door
which is called Vine branch's door.







VolcanoAn opening in a mountain.
From which smoke, ash and a thick
red burning liquid called lava comes out.
Example of use:
I live in Palma
and I had to leave my house
because of the lava from the volcano.
VolunteersWork for an organization
without being paid.
Example of use:
The participants who work for the wards are volunteers.
WallGenerally thick wall
that serves to close one space
or separate it from another.
Example of use:
There's a wall on Diego's estate
so that the cows can't escape.
WallsWall or high and large wall.
The walls were placed
around a city.
The walls served
to defend or protect a place.
Amathus had walls around the city.
Example of use:
The city walls of Amathus
they were repaired many times.
WardThe center of Foligno is divided into 10 wards.
The name of these wards is named rioni.
There are 10 knights, each of them represents 1 ward.
Example of use:
The city center of Foligno
it is divided into 10 districts for the party.
Water tankIt was like a big container.
It was built with bricks.
It collected the water of the rain.
It was located in the inhabited areas.
The population collected water through wells.
Example of use:
The water collected on the tank was used both for private homes
and used to water the fields
WaterfallA waterfall or cascade from a river or stream.
A waterfall may be of varying height
and is produced
by a large quantity of water
in a river or stream.
Example of use:
A walk through the bush
I came to a waterfall with a large amount of water.
Waxed tabletsThey were used to write.
They had rectangle-shaped sheets made of wood.
Above the sheets there was a plate of wax.
It was written by scratching the wax with a pointed object.
The wax could then be scraped off to erase.
Example of use:
Waxed tablets could also be built
by tying several sheets with metal circles.
WellAn excavation or hole
made in the ground
to look for water under the ground.
Water from the well can be pumped out
with a pump, or using buckets,
which are raised with a machine or by hand.
Example of use:
Maria draws water from the well with a bucket.
World Heritage SiteName given by UNESCO
to special places on the planet.
UNESCO is the organization
Of the United Nations for
education, science and culture.
Example of use:
Burgos Cathedral has the title
World Heritage Site.




WorshipsDecorative element
which is shaped like a large scallop shell.
Example of use:
In the church there was a worship
with blessed water.








Wrought ironIron that can be shaped
when it's too hot
by hitting on it.
Example of use:
John works in his wrought iron workshop.







YouthfulThe day of the Quintana
Every knight has a nickname.
Example of use:
The knight of Rione Morlupo is nicknamed
the Youthful
ZitherIt is a musical instrument with strings.
There are five strings.
It could have been half the size of a person.
The god Apollo is often illustrated with a zither in his hand.
Example of use:
The zither was much used in ancient Rome.

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